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• Glossary
• EMFs at a glance
• What is this near me and is it compliant?
• Buying, selling or living near a substation
• Buying, selling or living near an overhead line
• Buying, selling or living near an overhead line
• Buying, selling or living near a substation
• Affected by a new power line or substation?
• What this site covers and what it doesn’t
• Industry policy
• Compliance of the UK electricity system with EMF exposure limits
  • Statement of compliance with public exposure limits
    • Compliance of the UK electricity system with exposure limits for the public
  • Statement of compliance with occupational exposure limits
• Contact us
• Terms and Conditions
  • Privacy policy
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• Latest news
• What are EMFs
  • Terminology – an introduction
    • Electric, magnetic and electromagnetic
    • Magnetic field, field strength, and flux density
  • Electric fields
  • Magnetic fields
  • Measuring and calculating EMFs
    • EMF measurement and commercial services
      • “EMF Commercial”
    • Finite-length conductors
  • Screening EMFs
  • Adding fields together
  • Units for measuring EMFs
  • Elliptical polarisation
  • Radiofrequencies
    • Are EMFs radiation?
  • How fields fall with distance from a source
• Sources
  • Overhead power lines
    • Summaries of fields from all power lines
      • Statistics of power line fields
    • Fields from specific power lines
      • 400 kV
      • 400 kV – specific cases
      • 275 kV
      • 132 kV
      • 66 kV
      • 33 kV
      • 11 kV
      • 400 V/230 V
      • Replacing a 132 kV line with a 400 kV line
    • Factors affecting the field from a power line
      • Current
      • Voltage
      • Clearance
      • Height above ground
        • How the effect of height varies with distance from a power line
      • Phasing
        • Is it always possible for power lines to have transposed phasing?
        • Optimum phasing of triangular phase arrangements
        • Phasing of National Grid system
        • How phasing and clearance interact
      • Balance between circuits
      • Ground resistivity
      • Balance within circuit
      • Conductor bundle
      • Two parallel lines
    • Fields from power lines – more detail on the physics
      • Field lines from a power line
      • Power law variations in the field from a power line
      • The direction of the field from a power line
    • Calculating and measuring fields from power lines
      • Height above ground
      • Geometries of power lines
      • On-line calculator
      • Raw data
      • Two-dimensional and three-dimensional calculations of fields
    • The parts of a power line
  • Underground power cables
    • Different types of underground cable
      • Single phase and three phase underground cables
    • Effect of height on fields from underground cables
    • Underground cables with multiple conductors
    • Gas Insulated Lines (GIL)
    • Fields from cables in tunnels
    • Screening fields from underground cables
  • Low-voltage distribution
    • UK distribution wiring
      • Statistics of UK distribution systems
    • USA distribution wiring
  • Substations
    • National Grid substations
      • Static Var Compensators
    • Sealing-end compounds
    • Distribution substations
    • Final distribution substations
      • Indoor substations
  • Appliances
    • Mobile phones
    • Underfloor heating
  • House wiring
  • Electricity meters
    • Traditional meters
    • Smart meters
      • Smart meters – further information
  • Transport
    • EMFs from electric trains (UK)
    • EMFs from cars
  • Field levels and exposures
    • Fields greater than 0.2 or 0.4 µT
    • Fields in different countries
    • How fields vary with time
    • Personal exposure
    • Other factors that vary with magnetic fields
  • Occupational exposures
    • Live-line work
    • Occupational exposures on pylons
  • Reducing your exposure
    • EMF Reduction Devices
    • Equipment for reducing fields in homes
• Known effects
  • Induced currents and fields
    • Numerical calculations of induced currents
      • Details of numerical calculations of induced currents and fields in the body
      • Tissue conductivities
  • Effects of EMFs on equipment
  • EMFs and medical devices
    • Consequences if interference does occur with an implanted heart device
    • Laboratory Tests of Implanted Medical Devices
    • Manufacturers of Implanted Heart Devices
    • Real-life experience of interference with Implanted Heart Devices
    • Standards relating to pacemakers and other AIMDs
    • Types of medical devices
    • Interference with hearing aids and cochlear implants
  • Microshocks
    • Microshocks from bicycles
    • Control of microshocks in the UK
  • EMFs, agriculture and the environment
    • French legal actions concerning EMFs and farming
    • The Gibbs report
    • Bees and microshocks
    • Behaviour of large mammals in magnetic fields and near power lines
• Current evidence on health
  • Childhood leukaemia
    • Pooled analyses of childhood leukaemia and magnetic fields
    • Bias in childhood leukaemia studies
    • Number of children affected
      • Statistics on cancer
    • Childhood leukaemia and night-time exposure
    • Survival from childhood leukaemia
    • Childhood leukaemia and Downs
    • The “contact current” hypothesis
    • The causes of childhood leukaemia
  • Other health effects
    • Other childhood cancer
    • Breast cancer
    • Other adult cancers
    • Cardiovascular disorders
    • Neurodegenerative disorders
    • Epilepsy
    • Reproductive outcomes and disorders
    • Asthma
    • Autistic Spectrum Disorders
    • Suicide and depression
    • Sleep disturbance
    • Hypersensitivity
    • Effects of parental exposure to EMFs
  • Electric fields and ions
    • Electric fields and ions – a commentary on the suggestions
    • Electric fields and ions – NRPB comments
    • How many corona ions do power lines produce?
    • Air pollution and childhood cancer
    • Skin cancer
  • Scientific review bodies
    • WHO
    • IARC
      • IARC classification scheme
    • ICNIRP
    • SCENIHR
    • PHE (formerly HPA, formerly NRPB)
      • PHE – history
    • IET
    • NIEHS
    • NAS
    • California
    • Bioinitiative
  • Comparing EMFs to other issues
    • EMFs compared to other issues: smoking
    • EMFs compared to other issues: passive smoking
    • EMFs compared to other issues: coffee
    • EMFs compared to other issues: shift work
    • EMFs compared to other issues: cholera
    • EMFs compared to other issues: BSE and variant CJD
  • Comparative risks
    • Factors affecting the perception of risk
    • DCLG review of Health and Safety Risk Drivers
    • Risks of different activities
    • Numbers of deaths from different causes
• Research
  • Types of research
    • Research ethics
  • Epidemiology
    • Causation – what can epidemiology show and what can’t it?
    • Clusters
    • Confounding
  • Animal and laboratory experiments
    • Studies of the effects of EMFs on mice and rats
  • Mechanisms
    • Plausibility of biophysical mechanisms
    • Energy issues in mechanisms
    • Free radicals
    • Melatonin
    • Cryptochromes
    • Total field and AC field
      • Effect modification by DC field
  • Specific studies
    • CCRG
      • CCRG distance study
      • Responses to the various CCRG papers
      • CCRG magnetic fields study
      • CCRG follow-on paper
      • CCRG “corona ions” paper
      • CCRG Underground cables paper
      • CCRG “wrap up” paper
      • CCRG Note on distance
    • CEGB cohort
      • Update on CEGB cohort study for participants
    • French Geocap study
    • Imperial College study
      • Responses to Imperial College study
    • UKCCS
    • California power lines study
    • Transexpo
  • Ongoing research
    • The EMF Biological Research Trust
    • UK electricity industry research
      • Annual listing of publications
      • ENA research programme
      • In-house research
      • Research on the UK transmission system
  • Non peer-reviewed science
  • Abstracts of papers
    • Childhood leukaemia abstracts
    • The UKCCS abstracts
    • The CCRG (or “Draper”) study abstracts
    • Suicide and depression abstracts
    • Alzheimer’s disease abstracts
    • Breast cancer abstracts
    • The CEGB cohort abstracts
    • Abstracts related to the Contact Current Hypothesis
    • Animal toxicology experiments abstracts
    • Numerical calculations of induced current – abstracts
    • Abstracts relating to research on fruit flies
    • Abstracts relating to animal behaviour: orientation in magnetic fields and sensing of power lines
• Exposure limits for people
  • Limits in the UK
    • “Significant period of time”
    • Documents from the Department of Health website
  • Limits in the USA
  • Limits in the EU
  • Limits in the rest of the world
    • Compilation of EMF limits and standards worldwide
  • Limits from specific organisations
    • ACGIH
    • NRPB 1993
    • ICNIRP 1998
    • EU 1999
    • ICES 2002
    • NRPB 2004
    • EU 2004
    • SBM 2008
    • ICNIRP 2010
    • EU 2013
      • Implementing the 2013 EU Directive into UK Regulation
      • The EU Directive/UK Regulations – information for National Grid staff
    • The Control of Electromagnetic Fields at Work Regulations 2016
    • International Guidelines on Non-Ionising Radiation 2018
    • Comparison of exposure limits across frequencies
  • Indirect effects in exposure limits
  • Compliance with exposure limits
    • Definitions of “occupational” and “public” in exposure limits
    • Limits for pregnant women
      • Pregnant women – National Grid policy
    • The parts of the body that exposure limits apply to
  • Different values of exposure limits at 50 and 60 Hz
• Policy
  • Precaution
    • Definitions of the Precautionary Principle
    • The EU Communication on Precaution
    • WHO recommendations on precaution
  • UK policy
    • Consent for power lines
      • Beauly – Denny power line
    • Cross-Party Inquiry
    • Early Day Motions
    • Parliamentary Questions and Answers
    • UK EMF policy – quicklinks to documents
    • UK Government and Parliament
    • Strategic Planning Policy Statement in Northern Ireland.
  • Power lines and property – UK
    • Corridors round power lines
    • Numbers of homes near power lines
    • Survey reports reporting the presence of electrical equipment
  • European EMF policy
  • Power lines and property – USA
  • SAGE
    • SAGE First Interim Assessment
      • SAGE cost-benefit analysis
      • SAGE recommendations on house wiring
      • SAGE recommendations on phasing
    • Government response to SAGE First Interim Assessment
      • Reactions to Government response to SAGE
    • SAGE Second Interim Assessment
      • SAGE Second Interim Assessment – the full list of recommendations
    • Government response to SAGE Second Interim Assessment
      • Engineering Recommendation G92
  • Public Opinion on EMFs
    • Opinion polls conducted by Ipsos MORI on power lines and EMFs
    • Australian research in cancer patients
  • Communications on EMFs
  • Litigation on EMFs
    • French legal actions concerning EMFs and farming
• Finding out more
  • Links
  • Literature
  • Contacts
  • Finding out about other issues
    • Finding out more: Wayleaves and easements
    • Finding out more: Safety clearance distances
    • Finding out more: “Danger of death” notices
    • Finding out more: Audible noise
    • Finding out more: Power lines and satellite navigation
    • Finding out more: Radio and TV interference
• Static fields
  • Sources of static fields
    • Fields from underground DC cables
    • Effects of static fields on compasses
  • Effects of static fields
    • The geomagnetic field
    • Studies of health around DC power lines
  • Static field limits
  • Static fields – the expert view
    • WHO – static fields
    • IARC – static fields
    • ICNIRP – static fields
    • PHE – static fields
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