EMFs.info

Electric and magnetic fields and health

index/glossary | EMFs At A Glance | EMF The Facts (pdf)
  • What are EMFs
    • Terminology – an introduction
    • Electric fields
    • Magnetic fields
    • Units for measuring EMFs
    • Measuring and calculating EMFs
      • “EMF Commercial”
    • Adding fields together
    • Radiofrequencies
    • Screening EMFs
  • Sources
    • Overhead power lines
      • Fields from specific power lines
        • 400 kV
        • 400 kV – specific cases
        • 275 kV
        • 132 kV
        • 66 kV
        • 33 kV
        • 11 kV
        • 400 V/230 V
        • Replacing a 132 kV line with a 400 kV line
      • Summaries of fields from all power lines
      • Factors affecting the field from a power line
        • Voltage
        • Current
        • Clearance
        • Height above ground
        • Conductor bundle
        • Phasing
        • Balance between circuits
        • Balance within circuit
        • Ground resistivity
        • Two parallel lines
      • Calculating and measuring fields from power lines
        • Geometries of power lines
        • Raw data
        • On-line calculator
      • Fields from power lines – more detail on the physics
        • Field lines from a power line
        • The direction of the field from a power line
        • Power law variations in the field from a power line
      • Statistics of power line fields
    • Underground power cables
      • Different types of underground cable
      • Fields from cables in tunnels
      • Gas Insulated Lines (GIL)
      • Underground cables with multiple conductors
      • Effect of height on fields from underground cables
      • Screening fields from underground cables
    • Low-voltage distribution
      • UK distribution wiring
      • USA distribution wiring
    • House wiring
    • Substations
      • National Grid substations
        • Static Var Compensators
      • Sealing-end compounds
      • Distribution substations
      • Final distribution substations
        • Indoor substations
    • Transport
      • EMFs from electric trains (UK)
      • EMFs from cars
    • Appliances
    • Electricity meters
      • Smart meters
      • Traditional meters
    • Occupational exposures
      • Live-line work
      • Static Var Compensators
      • Occupational exposures on pylons
    • Field levels and exposures
      • Personal exposure
      • Other factors that vary with magnetic fields
      • Fields greater than 0.2 or 0.4 µT
    • Screening EMFs
      • Screening fields from underground cables
      • EMF Reduction Devices
  • Known effects
    • Induced currents and fields
    • Microshocks
      • Control of microshocks in the UK
      • Microshocks from bicycles
      • Bees and microshocks
    • EMFs and medical devices
      • Standards relating to pacemakers and other AIMDs
    • Effects of EMFs on equipment
  • Research
    • Types of research
    • Epidemiology
    • Animal and laboratory experiments
    • Mechanisms
    • Specific studies
      • UKCCS
      • CCRG
      • French Geocap study
      • CEGB cohort
      • Imperial College study
  • Current evidence on health
    • Childhood leukaemia
      • Survival from childhood leukaemia
      • Childhood leukaemia and Downs
      • Childhood leukaemia and night-time exposure
      • The “contact current” hypothesis
    • Other health effects
    • Scientific review bodies
      • WHO
      • IARC
    • Electric fields and ions
    • Comparing EMFs to other issues
  • Exposure limits for people
    • Limits in the UK
    • Limits in the EU
    • Limits in the USA
    • Limits in the rest of the world
    • Limits from specific organisations
      • ICNIRP 1998
      • ICNIRP 2010
      • NRPB 1993
      • NRPB 2004
      • EU 2004
      • EU 2013
  • Policy
    • UK policy
      • Power lines and property – UK
    • Compliance with exposure limits
    • European EMF policy
    • Precaution
    • SAGE
      • SAGE First Interim Assessment
        • Government response to SAGE First Interim Assessment
      • SAGE Second Interim Assessment
        • Government response to SAGE Second Interim Assessment
        • SAGE Second Interim Assessment – the full list of recommendations
  • Finding out more
    • EMF measurement and commercial services
    • Links
    • Literature
    • Contact us
  • Static fields
    • Static fields – the expert view
You are here: Home / Sitemap

Sitemap

Pages

  • Are you considering building or developing near a substation or overhead line?
  • EMFs and marine life
  • NG Clearance
  • Site authorship
  • Home
  • Sitemap
  • Glossary
  • EMFs at a glance
  • What is this near me and is it compliant?
  • Buying, selling or living near a substation
  • Buying, selling or living near an overhead line
  • Buying, selling or living near an overhead line
  • Buying, selling or living near a substation
  • Affected by a new power line or substation?
  • What this site covers and what it doesn’t
  • Industry policy
  • Compliance of the UK electricity system with EMF exposure limits
    • Statement of compliance with public exposure limits
      • Compliance of the UK electricity system with exposure limits for the public
    • Statement of compliance with occupational exposure limits
  • Contact us
  • Terms and Conditions
    • Privacy policy
    • Cookies
  • Latest news
  • What are EMFs
    • Terminology – an introduction
      • Electric, magnetic and electromagnetic
      • Magnetic field, field strength, and flux density
    • Electric fields
    • Magnetic fields
    • Measuring and calculating EMFs
      • EMF measurement and commercial services
        • “EMF Commercial”
      • Finite-length conductors
    • Screening EMFs
    • Adding fields together
    • Units for measuring EMFs
    • Elliptical polarisation
    • Radiofrequencies
      • Are EMFs radiation?
    • How fields fall with distance from a source
  • Sources
    • Overhead power lines
      • Summaries of fields from all power lines
        • Statistics of power line fields
      • Fields from specific power lines
        • 400 kV
        • 400 kV – specific cases
        • 275 kV
        • 132 kV
        • 66 kV
        • 33 kV
        • 11 kV
        • 400 V/230 V
        • Replacing a 132 kV line with a 400 kV line
      • Factors affecting the field from a power line
        • Current
        • Voltage
        • Clearance
        • Height above ground
          • How the effect of height varies with distance from a power line
        • Phasing
          • Is it always possible for power lines to have transposed phasing?
          • Optimum phasing of triangular phase arrangements
          • Phasing of National Grid system
          • How phasing and clearance interact
        • Balance between circuits
        • Ground resistivity
        • Balance within circuit
        • Conductor bundle
        • Two parallel lines
      • Fields from power lines – more detail on the physics
        • Field lines from a power line
        • Power law variations in the field from a power line
        • The direction of the field from a power line
      • Calculating and measuring fields from power lines
        • Height above ground
        • Geometries of power lines
        • On-line calculator
        • Raw data
        • Two-dimensional and three-dimensional calculations of fields
      • The parts of a power line
    • Underground power cables
      • Different types of underground cable
        • Single phase and three phase underground cables
      • Effect of height on fields from underground cables
      • Underground cables with multiple conductors
      • Gas Insulated Lines (GIL)
      • Fields from cables in tunnels
      • Screening fields from underground cables
    • Low-voltage distribution
      • UK distribution wiring
        • Statistics of UK distribution systems
      • USA distribution wiring
    • Substations
      • National Grid substations
        • Static Var Compensators
      • Sealing-end compounds
      • Distribution substations
      • Final distribution substations
        • Indoor substations
    • Appliances
      • Mobile phones
      • Underfloor heating
    • House wiring
    • Electricity meters
      • Traditional meters
      • Smart meters
        • Smart meters – further information
    • Transport
      • EMFs from electric trains (UK)
      • EMFs from cars
    • Field levels and exposures
      • Fields greater than 0.2 or 0.4 µT
      • Fields in different countries
      • How fields vary with time
      • Personal exposure
      • Other factors that vary with magnetic fields
    • Occupational exposures
      • Live-line work
      • Occupational exposures on pylons
    • Reducing your exposure
      • EMF Reduction Devices
      • Equipment for reducing fields in homes
  • Known effects
    • Induced currents and fields
      • Numerical calculations of induced currents
        • Details of numerical calculations of induced currents and fields in the body
        • Tissue conductivities
    • Effects of EMFs on equipment
    • EMFs and medical devices
      • Consequences if interference does occur with an implanted heart device
      • Laboratory Tests of Implanted Medical Devices
      • Manufacturers of Implanted Heart Devices
      • Real-life experience of interference with Implanted Heart Devices
      • Standards relating to pacemakers and other AIMDs
      • Types of medical devices
      • Interference with hearing aids and cochlear implants
    • Microshocks
      • Microshocks from bicycles
      • Control of microshocks in the UK
    • EMFs, agriculture and the environment
      • French legal actions concerning EMFs and farming
      • The Gibbs report
      • Bees and microshocks
      • Behaviour of large mammals in magnetic fields and near power lines
  • Current evidence on health
    • Childhood leukaemia
      • Pooled analyses of childhood leukaemia and magnetic fields
      • Bias in childhood leukaemia studies
      • Number of children affected
        • Statistics on cancer
      • Childhood leukaemia and night-time exposure
      • Survival from childhood leukaemia
      • Childhood leukaemia and Downs
      • The “contact current” hypothesis
      • The causes of childhood leukaemia
    • Other health effects
      • Other childhood cancer
      • Breast cancer
      • Other adult cancers
      • Cardiovascular disorders
      • Neurodegenerative disorders
      • Epilepsy
      • Reproductive outcomes and disorders
      • Asthma
      • Autistic Spectrum Disorders
      • Suicide and depression
      • Sleep disturbance
      • Hypersensitivity
      • Effects of parental exposure to EMFs
    • Electric fields and ions
      • Electric fields and ions – a commentary on the suggestions
      • Electric fields and ions – NRPB comments
      • How many corona ions do power lines produce?
      • Air pollution and childhood cancer
      • Skin cancer
    • Scientific review bodies
      • WHO
      • IARC
        • IARC classification scheme
      • ICNIRP
      • SCENIHR
      • PHE (formerly HPA, formerly NRPB)
        • PHE – history
      • IET
      • NIEHS
      • NAS
      • California
      • Bioinitiative
    • Comparing EMFs to other issues
      • EMFs compared to other issues: smoking
      • EMFs compared to other issues: passive smoking
      • EMFs compared to other issues: coffee
      • EMFs compared to other issues: shift work
      • EMFs compared to other issues: cholera
      • EMFs compared to other issues: BSE and variant CJD
    • Comparative risks
      • Factors affecting the perception of risk
      • DCLG review of Health and Safety Risk Drivers
      • Risks of different activities
      • Numbers of deaths from different causes
  • Research
    • Types of research
      • Research ethics
    • Epidemiology
      • Causation – what can epidemiology show and what can’t it?
      • Clusters
      • Confounding
    • Animal and laboratory experiments
      • Studies of the effects of EMFs on mice and rats
    • Mechanisms
      • Plausibility of biophysical mechanisms
      • Energy issues in mechanisms
      • Free radicals
      • Melatonin
      • Cryptochromes
      • Total field and AC field
        • Effect modification by DC field
    • Specific studies
      • CCRG
        • CCRG distance study
        • Responses to the various CCRG papers
        • CCRG magnetic fields study
        • CCRG follow-on paper
        • CCRG “corona ions” paper
        • CCRG Underground cables paper
        • CCRG “wrap up” paper
        • CCRG Note on distance
      • CEGB cohort
        • Update on CEGB cohort study for participants
      • French Geocap study
      • Imperial College study
        • Responses to Imperial College study
      • UKCCS
      • California power lines study
      • Transexpo
    • Ongoing research
      • The EMF Biological Research Trust
      • UK electricity industry research
        • Annual listing of publications
        • ENA research programme
        • In-house research
        • Research on the UK transmission system
    • Non peer-reviewed science
    • Abstracts of papers
      • Childhood leukaemia abstracts
      • The UKCCS abstracts
      • The CCRG (or “Draper”) study abstracts
      • Suicide and depression abstracts
      • Alzheimer’s disease abstracts
      • Breast cancer abstracts
      • The CEGB cohort abstracts
      • Abstracts related to the Contact Current Hypothesis
      • Animal toxicology experiments abstracts
      • Numerical calculations of induced current – abstracts
      • Abstracts relating to research on fruit flies
      • Abstracts relating to animal behaviour: orientation in magnetic fields and sensing of power lines
  • Exposure limits for people
    • Limits in the UK
      • “Significant period of time”
      • Documents from the Department of Health website
    • Limits in the USA
    • Limits in the EU
    • Limits in the rest of the world
      • Compilation of EMF limits and standards worldwide
    • Limits from specific organisations
      • ACGIH
      • NRPB 1993
      • ICNIRP 1998
      • EU 1999
      • ICES 2002
      • NRPB 2004
      • EU 2004
      • SBM 2008
      • ICNIRP 2010
      • EU 2013
        • Implementing the 2013 EU Directive into UK Regulation
        • The EU Directive/UK Regulations – information for National Grid staff
      • The Control of Electromagnetic Fields at Work Regulations 2016
      • International Guidelines on Non-Ionising Radiation 2018
      • Comparison of exposure limits across frequencies
    • Indirect effects in exposure limits
    • Compliance with exposure limits
      • Definitions of “occupational” and “public” in exposure limits
      • Limits for pregnant women
        • Pregnant women – National Grid policy
      • The parts of the body that exposure limits apply to
    • Different values of exposure limits at 50 and 60 Hz
  • Policy
    • Precaution
      • Definitions of the Precautionary Principle
      • The EU Communication on Precaution
      • WHO recommendations on precaution
    • UK policy
      • Consent for power lines
        • Beauly – Denny power line
      • Cross-Party Inquiry
      • Early Day Motions
      • Parliamentary Questions and Answers
      • UK EMF policy – quicklinks to documents
      • UK Government and Parliament
      • Strategic Planning Policy Statement in Northern Ireland.
    • Power lines and property – UK
      • Corridors round power lines
      • Numbers of homes near power lines
      • Survey reports reporting the presence of electrical equipment
    • European EMF policy
    • Power lines and property – USA
    • SAGE
      • SAGE First Interim Assessment
        • SAGE cost-benefit analysis
        • SAGE recommendations on house wiring
        • SAGE recommendations on phasing
      • Government response to SAGE First Interim Assessment
        • Reactions to Government response to SAGE
      • SAGE Second Interim Assessment
        • SAGE Second Interim Assessment – the full list of recommendations
      • Government response to SAGE Second Interim Assessment
        • Engineering Recommendation G92
    • Public Opinion on EMFs
      • Opinion polls conducted by Ipsos MORI on power lines and EMFs
      • Australian research in cancer patients
    • Communications on EMFs
    • Litigation on EMFs
      • French legal actions concerning EMFs and farming
  • Finding out more
    • Links
    • Literature
    • Contacts
    • Finding out about other issues
      • Finding out more: Wayleaves and easements
      • Finding out more: Safety clearance distances
      • Finding out more: “Danger of death” notices
      • Finding out more: Audible noise
      • Finding out more: Power lines and satellite navigation
      • Finding out more: Radio and TV interference
  • Static fields
    • Sources of static fields
      • Fields from underground DC cables
      • Effects of static fields on compasses
    • Effects of static fields
      • The geomagnetic field
      • Studies of health around DC power lines
    • Static field limits
    • Static fields – the expert view
      • WHO – static fields
      • IARC – static fields
      • ICNIRP – static fields
      • PHE – static fields
  • Site usage statistics

See also:

index and glossary

Latest news

  • New publication on cancer incidence from the UK electricity industry Cohort Study August 27, 2019
  • How has the reported risk for childhood leukaemia changed over time? February 11, 2019
  • Media stories about microshocks in children’s playground September 10, 2018
  • New studies on leukaemia and distance from power lines June 1, 2018
older news

Contact Us

To contact the electricity industry’s EMF Unit Public Information Line (UK only):
telephone 0845 7023270 or email [email protected].

See Contact us for more contact details including our privacy policy.

About this site

  • What this site covers and what it doesn’t
  • Industry policy
  • Sitemap

Specific questions

  • Affected by a new power line or substation?
  • Building or developing near a power line or substation?
  • EMF measurement and commercial services
  • Microshocks
  • Pacemakers and other medical devices
  • EMF policy in the UK
Site Authorship |Sitemap | Terms and Conditions | Privacy Policy | Cookies | Site Statistics
© 2021 EMFS.info
Navigation
  • What are EMFs
    • Terminology – an introduction
    • Electric fields
    • Magnetic fields
    • Units for measuring EMFs
    • Measuring and calculating EMFs
      • “EMF Commercial”
    • Adding fields together
    • Radiofrequencies
    • Screening EMFs
  • Sources
    • Overhead power lines
      • Fields from specific power lines
        • 400 kV
        • 400 kV – specific cases
        • 275 kV
        • 132 kV
        • 66 kV
        • 33 kV
        • 11 kV
        • 400 V/230 V
        • Replacing a 132 kV line with a 400 kV line
      • Summaries of fields from all power lines
      • Factors affecting the field from a power line
        • Voltage
        • Current
        • Clearance
        • Height above ground
        • Conductor bundle
        • Phasing
        • Balance between circuits
        • Balance within circuit
        • Ground resistivity
        • Two parallel lines
      • Calculating and measuring fields from power lines
        • Geometries of power lines
        • Raw data
        • On-line calculator
      • Fields from power lines – more detail on the physics
        • Field lines from a power line
        • The direction of the field from a power line
        • Power law variations in the field from a power line
      • Statistics of power line fields
    • Underground power cables
      • Different types of underground cable
      • Fields from cables in tunnels
      • Gas Insulated Lines (GIL)
      • Underground cables with multiple conductors
      • Effect of height on fields from underground cables
      • Screening fields from underground cables
    • Low-voltage distribution
      • UK distribution wiring
      • USA distribution wiring
    • House wiring
    • Substations
      • National Grid substations
        • Static Var Compensators
      • Sealing-end compounds
      • Distribution substations
      • Final distribution substations
        • Indoor substations
    • Transport
      • EMFs from electric trains (UK)
      • EMFs from cars
    • Appliances
    • Electricity meters
      • Smart meters
      • Traditional meters
    • Occupational exposures
      • Live-line work
      • Static Var Compensators
      • Occupational exposures on pylons
    • Field levels and exposures
      • Personal exposure
      • Other factors that vary with magnetic fields
      • Fields greater than 0.2 or 0.4 µT
    • Screening EMFs
      • Screening fields from underground cables
      • EMF Reduction Devices
  • Known effects
    • Induced currents and fields
    • Microshocks
      • Control of microshocks in the UK
      • Microshocks from bicycles
      • Bees and microshocks
    • EMFs and medical devices
      • Standards relating to pacemakers and other AIMDs
    • Effects of EMFs on equipment
  • Research
    • Types of research
    • Epidemiology
    • Animal and laboratory experiments
    • Mechanisms
    • Specific studies
      • UKCCS
      • CCRG
      • French Geocap study
      • CEGB cohort
      • Imperial College study
  • Current evidence on health
    • Childhood leukaemia
      • Survival from childhood leukaemia
      • Childhood leukaemia and Downs
      • Childhood leukaemia and night-time exposure
      • The “contact current” hypothesis
    • Other health effects
    • Scientific review bodies
      • WHO
      • IARC
    • Electric fields and ions
    • Comparing EMFs to other issues
  • Exposure limits for people
    • Limits in the UK
    • Limits in the EU
    • Limits in the USA
    • Limits in the rest of the world
    • Limits from specific organisations
      • ICNIRP 1998
      • ICNIRP 2010
      • NRPB 1993
      • NRPB 2004
      • EU 2004
      • EU 2013
  • Policy
    • UK policy
      • Power lines and property – UK
    • Compliance with exposure limits
    • European EMF policy
    • Precaution
    • SAGE
      • SAGE First Interim Assessment
        • Government response to SAGE First Interim Assessment
      • SAGE Second Interim Assessment
        • Government response to SAGE Second Interim Assessment
        • SAGE Second Interim Assessment – the full list of recommendations
  • Finding out more
    • EMF measurement and commercial services
    • Links
    • Literature
    • Contact us
  • Static fields
    • Static fields – the expert view