EMFs.info

Electric and magnetic fields and health

index/glossary | EMFs At A Glance | EMF The Facts (pdf)
  • What are EMFs
    • Terminology – an introduction
    • Electric fields
    • Magnetic fields
    • Units for measuring EMFs
    • Measuring and calculating EMFs
      • EMF instruments and other commercial services
    • Adding fields together
    • Radiofrequencies
    • Screening EMFs
  • Sources
    • Overhead power lines
      • Fields from specific power lines
        • 400 kV
        • 400 kV – specific cases
        • 275 kV
        • 132 kV
        • 66 kV
        • 33 kV
        • 11 kV
        • 400 V/230 V
        • Replacing a 132 kV line with a 400 kV line
      • Summaries of fields from all power lines
      • Factors affecting the field from a power line
        • Voltage
        • Current
        • Clearance
        • Height above ground
        • Conductor bundle
        • Phasing
        • Balance between circuits
        • Balance within circuit
        • Ground resistivity
        • Two parallel lines
      • Calculating and measuring fields from power lines
        • Geometries of power lines
        • Raw data
        • On-line calculator
      • Fields from power lines – more detail on the physics
        • Field lines from a power line
        • The direction of the field from a power line
        • Power law variations in the field from a power line
      • Statistics of power line fields
    • Underground power cables
      • Different types of underground cable
      • Fields from cables in tunnels
      • Gas Insulated Lines (GIL)
      • Underground cables with multiple conductors
      • Effect of height on fields from underground cables
      • Screening fields from underground cables
    • Low-voltage distribution
      • UK distribution wiring
      • USA distribution wiring
    • House wiring
    • Substations
      • National Grid substations
        • Static Var Compensators
      • Sealing-end compounds
      • Distribution substations
      • Final distribution substations
        • Indoor substations
    • Transport
      • EMFs from electric trains (UK)
      • EMFs from cars
    • Appliances
    • Electricity meters
      • Smart meters
      • Traditional meters
    • Occupational exposures
      • Live-line work
      • Static Var Compensators
      • Occupational exposures on pylons
    • Field levels and exposures
      • Personal exposure
      • Other factors that vary with magnetic fields
      • Fields greater than 0.2 or 0.4 µT
      • Fields in different countries
      • How fields vary with time
    • Reducing your exposure
  • Known effects
    • Induced currents and fields
      • Numerical calculations of induced currents
      • Details of numerical calculations of induced currents and fields in the body
    • Effects of EMFs on equipment
    • EMFs and medical devices
      • Types of medical devices
      • Real-life experience of interference with Implanted Heart Devices
      • Laboratory Tests of Implanted Medical Devices
      • Consequences if interference does occur with an implanted heart device
      • Manufacturers of Implanted Heart Devices
      • Standards relating to pacemakers and other AIMDs
      • Interference with hearing aids and cochlear implants
    • Microshocks
      • Control of microshocks in the UK
      • Microshocks from bicycles
    • EMFs, agriculture and the environment
      • Bees and microshocks
      • Behaviour of large mammals in magnetic fields and near power lines
  • Evidence on health
    • Childhood leukaemia
      • Pooled analyses of childhood leukaemia and magnetic fields
      • Number of children affected
      • Childhood leukaemia and night-time exposure
      • Survival from childhood leukaemia
      • Childhood leukaemia and Downs
      • The “contact current” hypothesis
      • The causes of childhood leukaemia
    • Other health effects
      • Other childhood cancer
      • Breast cancer
      • Other adult cancers
      • Cardiovascular disorders
      • Neurodegenerative disorders
      • Epilepsy
      • Reproductive outcomes and disorders
      • Suicide and depression
      • Sleep disturbance
      • Asthma
      • Hypersensitivity
      • Effects of parental exposure to EMFs
    • Scientific review bodies
      • WHO
      • IARC
      • ICNIRP
      • SCENIHR
      • PHE (formerly HPA, formerly NRPB)
      • IET
      • NAS
      • NIEHS
      • California
      • Bioinitiative
    • Electric fields and ions
      • Electric fields and ions – a commentary on the suggestions
      • Electric fields and ions – NRPB comments
      • Skin cancer
      • Air pollution and childhood cancer
      • How many corona ions do power lines produce?
    • Comparing EMFs to other issues
      • EMFs compared to other issues: smoking
      • EMFs compared to other issues: passive smoking
      • EMFs compared to other issues: coffee
      • EMFs compared to other issues: shift work
      • EMFs compared to other issues: cholera
      • EMFs compared to other issues: BSE and variant CJD
      • Comparative risks
  • Research
    • Types of research
      • Research ethics
    • Epidemiology
      • Causation – what can epidemiology show and what can’t it?
      • Confounding
      • Clusters
    • Animal and laboratory experiments
      • Behaviour of large mammals in magnetic fields and near power lines
    • Mechanisms
      • Energy issues in mechanisms
      • Free radicals
      • Melatonin
      • Cryptochromes
      • Total field and AC field
    • Specific studies
      • UKCCS
      • CCRG
        • CCRG distance study
        • CCRG magnetic fields study
        • CCRG “corona ions” paper
        • CCRG follow-on paper
        • CCRG Underground cables paper
        • CCRG “wrap up” paper
        • CCRG Note on distance
        • Responses to the various CCRG papers
      • French Geocap study
      • California power lines study
      • Imperial College study
      • CEGB cohort
      • Transexpo
    • Ongoing research
      • UK electricity industry research
    • Non peer-reviewed science
    • Abstracts of papers
      • Childhood leukaemia abstracts
      • The CCRG (or “Draper”) study abstracts
      • The UKCCS abstracts
      • The CEGB cohort abstracts
      • Alzheimer’s disease abstracts
      • Breast cancer abstracts
      • Suicide and depression abstracts
      • Animal toxicology experiments abstracts
      • Numerical calculations of induced current – abstracts
      • Abstracts related to the Contact Current Hypothesis
      • Abstracts relating to research on fruit flies
      • Abstracts relating to animal behaviour: orientation in magnetic fields and sensing of power lines
  • Exposure limits
    • Limits in the UK
    • Limits in the USA
    • Limits in the EU
    • Limits in the rest of the world
    • Limits from specific organisations
      • ACGIH
      • NRPB 1993
      • ICNIRP 1998
      • EU 1999
      • ICES 2002
      • NRPB 2004
      • EU 2004
      • SBM 2008
      • ICNIRP 2010
      • EU 2013
      • The Control of Electromagnetic Fields at Work Regulations 2016
      • International Guidelines on Non-Ionising Radiation 2018
      • Comparison of exposure limits across frequencies
    • Indirect effects in exposure limits
    • Compliance with exposure limits
  • Policy
    • UK policy
      • Consent for power lines
      • Cross-Party Inquiry
      • Early Day Motions
      • Parliamentary Questions and Answers
      • UK Government and Parliament
    • European EMF policy
    • Power lines and property – UK
      • Corridors round power lines
    • Power lines and property – USA
    • Precaution
    • SAGE
      • SAGE First Interim Assessment
      • Government response to SAGE First Interim Assessment
      • SAGE Second Interim Assessment
      • Government response to SAGE Second Interim Assessment
    • Public Opinion on EMFs
      • Opinion polls conducted by Ipsos MORI on power lines and EMFs
    • Communications on EMFs
    • Litigation on EMFs
  • Finding out more
    • Links
    • Literature
    • Contacts
    • Finding out about other issues
      • Finding out more: Wayleaves and easements
      • Finding out more: Safety clearance distances
      • “Danger of death” notices
      • Finding out more: Audible noise
      • Finding out more: Power lines and satellite navigation
      • Finding out more: Radio and TV interference
  • Static fields
    • Sources of static fields
      • Fields from underground DC cables
      • Effects of static fields on compasses
    • Effects of static fields
    • Static fields – the expert view
      • Types of medical devices
      • WHO – static fields
      • IARC – static fields
      • ICNIRP – static fields
      • PHE – static fields
    • Static field limits
You are here: Home / Research / Types of research / Research ethics

Research ethics

We discuss here some of the issues that arise when conducting research into a sensitive issue like EMFs and public health.

Funding of research and independence

This website is run by the UK electricity industry.  When research is funded by industry, it is important that the integrity and independence of the research is not compromised.  

When the UK electricity industry supports research projects into EMFs (either by offering data or financial support) there is always a contract created to guarantee the independence of the study.  The contract is slightly different each time, tailored to the specific project, but a typical form would be as follows.

 

Research project [name of project]

The [electricity company concerned] has already offered to co-operate with the study [brief details of study] (“the Study”) which will continue until [insert end date].  The co-operation will take the form of [insert details].

This letter sets out the conditions under which this co-operation will take place.  This agreement is made and shall be interpreted in accordance with English Law.  Any amendments to the Agreement shall be mutually agreed in writing by both parties.

1 Any Data supplied by [insert company concerned] may be used for the purposes of the Study, but where such Data is marked or notified as confidential, shall not be used for any other purpose or disposed of or disclosed to any other person (save for the purposes of the Study) except with the prior written permission of the relevant company.

2 The University has the right to conduct the Study in whatever way it sees fit, including the right to publish any or all of the results of the Study in whatever way it sees fit.  The University will use its best endeavours to ensure that the results of the Study are published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature regardless of what those results may be.

3 The results of the Study and any all intellectual property arising from the conduct of the Study shall be the property of the University.  The University and those working on the Study shall have the irrevocable right to use such results and such intellectual property for academic and research purposes, and for the purpose of clinical patient care.

4 The University is not required to seek the comments of [company concerned] on any proposed publications.  You may invite [company concerned] to comment on any proposed publications, but there is no obligation to act on or to incorporate any comments made by [company concerned].

5 The University will allow [company concerned] to see any of its publications or external presentation of the results arising out of the Study at least one calendar month before it is submitted or released  to a scientific journal, the media or to the public. [Company concerned] will limit the circulation of any such material to such individuals in [company concerned] as are necessary to prepare a response to the contents.  Those individuals will preserve the confidentiality of the material until it is published by the University.

6 [Company concerned] will exercise all reasonable care and diligence in providing Data, results of calculations and advice, but will not be liable for the consequences of any errors or mistakes.  The University will exercise its reasonable care and diligence in the use made of any Data, results of calculations and advice provided by [company concerned], but will not be liable for the consequences of any errors or mistakes.

7 [Company concerned] accepts that The University does not warrant that the Study will produce any particular result.  [Company concerned] accepts that The University  shall not be under any liability for any use which may be made of the results of the Study.

8 [Company concerned] intend that the co-operation shall continue until the end of the Study.  Either party shall be entitled to terminate the co-operation after 90 days written notification to the other Party for any breach of these terms and conditions if the breach is not remedied within the ninety-day notice period.

Please acknowledge within fourteen days receipt of this letter, confirming your acceptance of the conditions set out herein by signature of the copy enclosed.

 

Communicating the results

As with research into any other public health issue, there is a risk that research on EMFs, if communicated to the public in a misleading, unbalanced or sensationalist way, could cause unjustified concern or anxiety. The way to avoid this is to follow the accepted standards for disseminating research, in particular, the element of peer-review publication.

This was expressed in a letter to several of the UK's national newspapers on 23 Feb 1999 from a group of Fellows of the Royal Society. The final paragraph read:

“It is a dangerous mistake, vividly illustrated by the events of the past week concerning GM foods, to assume that all statements claiming to be scientific can be taken at face value. Good science is work that has stood up to detailed scrutiny by independent workers in the field and contributes to new knowledge and understanding. Those who start telling the media about alleged scientific results that have not first been thoroughly scrutinised and exposed to the scientific community serve only to mislead, with potentially very damaging consequences.”  [full letter at bottom of page]

A similar point was made by the then President of the Royal Society, Sir Aaron Klug OM, in his Royal Society Anniversary Address 1999, delivered on 30 November 1999:

“Thus the Society has an unparalleled record in promoting the role of the peer-reviewed journal as the vehicle for sifting and disseminating worthwhile science. This matters because I believe strongly that, before rushing to tell the world about a new finding, the scientist has a duty to make sure, so far as possible, that he or she is right. The best way to do that is to expose the finding to experts able to criticise the work. Of course, not everything that is published is right, even in peer-reviewed journals, but peer review is the best defence we have against broadcasting error. Much mischief has been caused by scientists seeking publicity for unreviewed ‘findings’ that turn out to be seriously wrong, and the Society has had to devote a great deal of time in the past year to the consequences.”


Several scientific journals have rules against publicising scientific work before it has been properly peer-reviewed and published:

  • Nature
  • New England Journal of Medicine
  • British Medical Journal

A set of guidelines on good practice for both scientists and journalists has recently been published by the Social Issues Research Centre, the Royal Institution, and the Royal Society.

transcription of letter published in The Guardian, Tuesday 23 February 1999 (essentially the same letter also appeared in other broadsheet papers that day)
We believe that the time is right to bring good science into the centre of decision-making and focus its impact in our increasingly technologically-driven world. In many of the major policy issues that confront us today - global food security, energy needs, environmental conservation, climate change - it is impossible to make wise decisions without reference to the underpinning science. Three consequences follow.

First, you need good scientists for decision-makers to consult. The UK is therefore fortunate in having an exceptionally strong scientific community with the Royal Society promoting excellence in science. Second, decision makers must, and increasingly do, recognise when they are dealing with a science-related issue. And third, we all need to distinguish good science from bad science.

It is a dangerous mistake, vividly illustrated by the events of the past week concerning GM foods, to assume that all statements claiming to be scientific can be taken at face value. Good science is work that has stood up to detailed scrutiny by independent workers in the field and contributes to new knowledge and understanding. Those who start telling the media about alleged scientific results that have not first been thoroughly scrutinised and exposed to the scientific community serve only to mislead, with potentially very damaging consequences.

Prof Brian Heap FRS, The Royal Society et al
The letter as printed in The Guardian lists 8 names and says “and 11 others”. The fuller list of names printed in the Daily Telegraph on the same day was:

Prof Brian Heap
Prof Patrick Bateson
Sir Eric Ash
Prof Roy Anderson
Sir Alan Cook
Sir Roger Elliott
Prof William Hill
Prof Louise Johnson
Prof Sir John Kingman
Prof Peter Lachmann
Dr Paul Nurse
Prof Linda Partridge
Dr Max Perutz
Prof Sir William Rees
Sir Richard Southwood
Sir John Meurig Thomas
Prof Sir Ghillean Prance
Earl of Selbourne

Peer review

Peer review is the process scientific journals use when a paper is submitted to them.  They ask other scientists working in the area to look at the paper, to judge whether it is of good enough quality to publish, and to make suggestions for improvement.

Peer review does not guarantee that a paper is correct, but it's a fairly essential basic quality-control step that papers need to go through before being for the rest of the scientific community to read.

Review bodies will normally confine themselves only to peer-reviewed papers.  Most of the papers we discuss on this site are peer-reviewed, but we do list some which are not peer-reviewed as well.

Society for Radiological Protection Position Statement

The Society for Radiological Protection is the professional body that deals with EMF issues 9as part of the wider radiation remit) in the UK.

In 2018, their EMF and Optical Radiation Committee published a Position Statement on Research Publications.  It sets out various criteria that go towards judging the quality of a scientific study and the weight to be attached to it.

 

See also:

  • the different types of research
  • some of the key studies on EMFs

Latest news

  • How has the reported risk for childhood leukaemia changed over time? February 11, 2019
  • Media stories about microshocks in children’s playground September 10, 2018
  • New studies on leukaemia and distance from power lines June 1, 2018
  • UK media interest in the causes of childhood leukaemia May 22, 2018
older news

Contact Us

To contact the electricity industry’s EMF Unit Public Information Line (UK only):
telephone 0845 7023270 or email EMFHelpLine@nationalgrid.com.

See Contact us for more contact details including our privacy policy.

About this site

  • What this site covers and what it doesn’t
  • Industry policy
  • Sitemap

Specific questions

  • Affected by a new power line or substation?
  • Building or developing near a power line or substation?
  • Terminology – an introduction
  • Microshocks
  • Pacemakers and other medical devices
  • EMF policy in the UK
Site Authorship |Sitemap | Terms and Conditions | Privacy Policy | Cookies | Site Statistics
© 2019 EMFS.info

EMFs.info Cookies Policy

Our Website uses cookies to improve your experience. Please read our Cookie Policy for more information about cookies and how we use them.

Close
Navigation
  • What are EMFs
    • Terminology – an introduction
    • Electric fields
    • Magnetic fields
    • Units for measuring EMFs
    • Measuring and calculating EMFs
      • EMF instruments and other commercial services
    • Adding fields together
    • Radiofrequencies
    • Screening EMFs
  • Sources
    • Overhead power lines
      • Fields from specific power lines
        • 400 kV
        • 400 kV – specific cases
        • 275 kV
        • 132 kV
        • 66 kV
        • 33 kV
        • 11 kV
        • 400 V/230 V
        • Replacing a 132 kV line with a 400 kV line
      • Summaries of fields from all power lines
      • Factors affecting the field from a power line
        • Voltage
        • Current
        • Clearance
        • Height above ground
        • Conductor bundle
        • Phasing
        • Balance between circuits
        • Balance within circuit
        • Ground resistivity
        • Two parallel lines
      • Calculating and measuring fields from power lines
        • Geometries of power lines
        • Raw data
        • On-line calculator
      • Fields from power lines – more detail on the physics
        • Field lines from a power line
        • The direction of the field from a power line
        • Power law variations in the field from a power line
      • Statistics of power line fields
    • Underground power cables
      • Different types of underground cable
      • Fields from cables in tunnels
      • Gas Insulated Lines (GIL)
      • Underground cables with multiple conductors
      • Effect of height on fields from underground cables
      • Screening fields from underground cables
    • Low-voltage distribution
      • UK distribution wiring
      • USA distribution wiring
    • House wiring
    • Substations
      • National Grid substations
        • Static Var Compensators
      • Sealing-end compounds
      • Distribution substations
      • Final distribution substations
        • Indoor substations
    • Transport
      • EMFs from electric trains (UK)
      • EMFs from cars
    • Appliances
    • Electricity meters
      • Smart meters
      • Traditional meters
    • Occupational exposures
      • Live-line work
      • Static Var Compensators
      • Occupational exposures on pylons
    • Field levels and exposures
      • Personal exposure
      • Other factors that vary with magnetic fields
      • Fields greater than 0.2 or 0.4 µT
      • Fields in different countries
      • How fields vary with time
    • Reducing your exposure
  • Known effects
    • Induced currents and fields
      • Numerical calculations of induced currents
      • Details of numerical calculations of induced currents and fields in the body
    • Effects of EMFs on equipment
    • EMFs and medical devices
      • Types of medical devices
      • Real-life experience of interference with Implanted Heart Devices
      • Laboratory Tests of Implanted Medical Devices
      • Consequences if interference does occur with an implanted heart device
      • Manufacturers of Implanted Heart Devices
      • Standards relating to pacemakers and other AIMDs
      • Interference with hearing aids and cochlear implants
    • Microshocks
      • Control of microshocks in the UK
      • Microshocks from bicycles
    • EMFs, agriculture and the environment
      • Bees and microshocks
      • Behaviour of large mammals in magnetic fields and near power lines
  • Evidence on health
    • Childhood leukaemia
      • Pooled analyses of childhood leukaemia and magnetic fields
      • Number of children affected
      • Childhood leukaemia and night-time exposure
      • Survival from childhood leukaemia
      • Childhood leukaemia and Downs
      • The “contact current” hypothesis
      • The causes of childhood leukaemia
    • Other health effects
      • Other childhood cancer
      • Breast cancer
      • Other adult cancers
      • Cardiovascular disorders
      • Neurodegenerative disorders
      • Epilepsy
      • Reproductive outcomes and disorders
      • Suicide and depression
      • Sleep disturbance
      • Asthma
      • Hypersensitivity
      • Effects of parental exposure to EMFs
    • Scientific review bodies
      • WHO
      • IARC
      • ICNIRP
      • SCENIHR
      • PHE (formerly HPA, formerly NRPB)
      • IET
      • NAS
      • NIEHS
      • California
      • Bioinitiative
    • Electric fields and ions
      • Electric fields and ions – a commentary on the suggestions
      • Electric fields and ions – NRPB comments
      • Skin cancer
      • Air pollution and childhood cancer
      • How many corona ions do power lines produce?
    • Comparing EMFs to other issues
      • EMFs compared to other issues: smoking
      • EMFs compared to other issues: passive smoking
      • EMFs compared to other issues: coffee
      • EMFs compared to other issues: shift work
      • EMFs compared to other issues: cholera
      • EMFs compared to other issues: BSE and variant CJD
      • Comparative risks
  • Research
    • Types of research
      • Research ethics
    • Epidemiology
      • Causation – what can epidemiology show and what can’t it?
      • Confounding
      • Clusters
    • Animal and laboratory experiments
      • Behaviour of large mammals in magnetic fields and near power lines
    • Mechanisms
      • Energy issues in mechanisms
      • Free radicals
      • Melatonin
      • Cryptochromes
      • Total field and AC field
    • Specific studies
      • UKCCS
      • CCRG
        • CCRG distance study
        • CCRG magnetic fields study
        • CCRG “corona ions” paper
        • CCRG follow-on paper
        • CCRG Underground cables paper
        • CCRG “wrap up” paper
        • CCRG Note on distance
        • Responses to the various CCRG papers
      • French Geocap study
      • California power lines study
      • Imperial College study
      • CEGB cohort
      • Transexpo
    • Ongoing research
      • UK electricity industry research
    • Non peer-reviewed science
    • Abstracts of papers
      • Childhood leukaemia abstracts
      • The CCRG (or “Draper”) study abstracts
      • The UKCCS abstracts
      • The CEGB cohort abstracts
      • Alzheimer’s disease abstracts
      • Breast cancer abstracts
      • Suicide and depression abstracts
      • Animal toxicology experiments abstracts
      • Numerical calculations of induced current – abstracts
      • Abstracts related to the Contact Current Hypothesis
      • Abstracts relating to research on fruit flies
      • Abstracts relating to animal behaviour: orientation in magnetic fields and sensing of power lines
  • Exposure limits
    • Limits in the UK
    • Limits in the USA
    • Limits in the EU
    • Limits in the rest of the world
    • Limits from specific organisations
      • ACGIH
      • NRPB 1993
      • ICNIRP 1998
      • EU 1999
      • ICES 2002
      • NRPB 2004
      • EU 2004
      • SBM 2008
      • ICNIRP 2010
      • EU 2013
      • The Control of Electromagnetic Fields at Work Regulations 2016
      • International Guidelines on Non-Ionising Radiation 2018
      • Comparison of exposure limits across frequencies
    • Indirect effects in exposure limits
    • Compliance with exposure limits
  • Policy
    • UK policy
      • Consent for power lines
      • Cross-Party Inquiry
      • Early Day Motions
      • Parliamentary Questions and Answers
      • UK Government and Parliament
    • European EMF policy
    • Power lines and property – UK
      • Corridors round power lines
    • Power lines and property – USA
    • Precaution
    • SAGE
      • SAGE First Interim Assessment
      • Government response to SAGE First Interim Assessment
      • SAGE Second Interim Assessment
      • Government response to SAGE Second Interim Assessment
    • Public Opinion on EMFs
      • Opinion polls conducted by Ipsos MORI on power lines and EMFs
    • Communications on EMFs
    • Litigation on EMFs
  • Finding out more
    • Links
    • Literature
    • Contacts
    • Finding out about other issues
      • Finding out more: Wayleaves and easements
      • Finding out more: Safety clearance distances
      • “Danger of death” notices
      • Finding out more: Audible noise
      • Finding out more: Power lines and satellite navigation
      • Finding out more: Radio and TV interference
  • Static fields
    • Sources of static fields
      • Fields from underground DC cables
      • Effects of static fields on compasses
    • Effects of static fields
    • Static fields – the expert view
      • Types of medical devices
      • WHO – static fields
      • IARC – static fields
      • ICNIRP – static fields
      • PHE – static fields
    • Static field limits