Are you Buying, Selling or Living in a house near to a substation and need to know about Electric and Magnetic fields?
If the answer to this question is yes, the chances are that you need to learn about EMFs quite quickly. The information in this section of the website may be of use to you.
We hope that this section answers all your questions but should you find that you need more information on EMFs then you can discuss your specific questions with a professional EMF Advisor by contacting the EMF Helpline. You may also find our booklet EMF The Facts helpful.
EMFs are all around us
Electric and magnetic fields are produced wherever electricity is used – they are around us all the time in modern life. Electric fields are produced by voltage and magnetic fields by current - where there are concerns, they are mainly about magnetic fields.
Most people get most of their exposure EMF from the distribution wires along the street and from wiring in the homes. We also get short-duration higher field exposures when we pass close to electrical appliances. Outside the home, we can experience EMFs in schools, factories, offices, when using electrified transport, and when we are out shopping.
From the electricity system, high-voltage power lines produce higher fields than substations. In the population as a whole, not many people live close to (say within 100 m) a high-voltage power line. But for those who do, this will also be a significant source of exposure. More people live close to substation of one sort or another, but even if you live very close, they rarely elevate the field greatly - see more details below.
The numbers...
In homes not near power lines, the magnetic field in the general volume of the home can range anywhere from 0.01 µT to 0.2 µT. This will usually come from the wiring along the street that supplies electricity to the home.
more on field levels in typical homes
Close to electrical appliances in the home, the magnetic field can be tens or even hundreds of µT. But this is only very close to them, the field usually drops away over the first metre or so or even less, and we don’t usually spend extended periods of time that close to them.
more on fields from appliances
Directly under a high voltage overhead line, the average field would be about 5 µT. Theoretically, it could be as high as a hundred, but in practice you virtually never encounter more than 20 µT.
Why are people concerned?
Over the last 40 years there have been suggestions that magnetic fields, at the levels produced by overhead lines, may cause diseases, principally childhood leukaemia.
The evidence for this comes from epidemiology studies (the study of statistics about disease), which have found a statistical association - an apparent two-fold increase in leukaemia incidence, from about 1 in 24,000 per year up to 1 in 12,000 per year, for the children with the top half percent of exposures. To set against this, mice and rats don’t seem to get disease when we expose them in the laboratory. So overall the science is uncertain.
more on the scientific evidence
The evidence is strong enough for magnetic fields to be classified by the World Health Organization as "possibly carcinogenic". But because these studies only show statistical associations and do not demonstrate causation, and because the evidence from the laboratory (biology and theoretical science) is against, the risk is not established, it remains only a possibility.
Draper, UKCCS, and Ahlbom....
These are some of the key specific studies on magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia.
The "Ahlbom" study (2000) was an important pooled analysis - it pooled together the results from a number of individual studies from different countries. It really established the idea that there is a statistical association with fields above 0.4 μT. There have been other pooled analyses since which have mainly reinforced this finding.
The UKCCS (1999) was one of those individual studies, conducted in the UK. On its own, it didn't find much of an association, but it contributed to the overall finding.
"Draper" or "CCRG" (various papers 2005-2014) is a slightly different study - it looks specifically at high-voltage power lines. It found an association - but one that extended too far from the lines to be attributable to magnetic fields, and which declined over the decades from the 1960s to the present. This suggests that whatever is going on, it may not be magnetic fields.
EMF policy in the UK
The UK Government at a national level set exposure guidelines for EMFs and the electricity system complies with these. The limits are designed to prevent all established effects of fields on the body.
The limits we follow in the UK stem from an international body ICNIRP and are the same ones set by the EU and used in many other countries round the world.
The guidelines for public exposure are expressed in volts per metre (V/m) for electric fields and microteslas (µT) for magnetic fields. All substations comply with these limits - you can be right up against the fence or wall and still be compliant. There is no need for any extra “safe distance” between a property and a substation to achieve compliance, and there are no restriction on how close a property can be to a substation.
The numbers...
The exposure limits have "reference levels" and "basic restrictions".
Often it’s sufficient just to look at the “reference levels”:
- Electric fields: 5 kV/m
- Magnetic fields: 100 µT
But the actual limits are given by the “basic restrictions” which are a bit higher:
- Electric fields 9 kV/m
- Magnetic fields: 360 µT
These apply in areas where people spend significant periods of time.
What field levels are we talking about?
The statistical associations from the epidemiology studies seem to show up at fields above 0.4 µT. (Sometimes people talk about 0.2 µT instead.)
The great majority of homes in the UK have fields less than these values. About 1.5% of UK homes have average fields greater than 0.2 µT and about 0.4% greater than 0.4 µT. These percentages of homes with higher fields are actually smaller than in many other countries.
Only about a half of homes in the UK with fields above 0.4 µT get that exposure from high-voltage power lines, and hardly any at all from substations – in the rest, the field probably comes from the distribution system or house wiring. If you do live very close to a substation, that may give you a higher exposure than the average home, but probably not above the 0.4 µT level.
What sort of substation is near me and how near is “near”?
Work out what sort of substation you have from these pictures:
Large National Grid substation - hundreds of metres across.
Intermediate voltage substation - tens of metres across
Different versions of final distribution substations - outdoors, in a building or on wood poles.
more on the different substations
For a large National Grid substation, you would need to be within metres or maybe tens of metres of the perimeter to get an elevated field. It would be rare to live that close in a rural setting but could happen in an urban setting. But you would probably be getting a higher field from the lines or cables entering the substation.
For the smaller substations, again, the field is usually only really elevated within a few metres of the perimeter. So it would probably only affect you if you literally lived next door.
All the fields comply with the exposure limits - see below.
Is it safe?
All substations comply with the exposure limits, and remember, these exposure limits are set by independent international experts, not by us in the electricity industry – we just make sure all our equipment complies with them.
There is some evidence of a possible risk of childhood leukaemia below these exposure limits, at levels produced close to some substations. This is just a possibility – we’d probably say the balance of evidence is against health effects – and it’s not considered strong enough evidence to restrict such exposures. It is for each person and family to decide for themselves how they you feel about this based on the evidence. Remember, a home would have to be very close indeed to a substation to get these elevated exposures from it.
Recognising that there is this possibility, the UK has also adopted an extra precautionary policy for overhead lines on top of the exposure limits – an aspect of the design of the line called “optimum phasing” – and this reduces the magnetic field below the level it would otherwise be.
Buying and selling a house
A nearby substation will be one of many factors you’ll want to take into account when considering a house, just as you would any nearby roads or railways lines, or industry, or anything else in the area. Some people may be put off, but the evidence is that houses near substations do still sell.
A surveyor may point out the presence of a substation in a survey report and may even allude to possible health effects. But they should not recommend refusing a mortgage, and whilst mortgage lenders always have the right to make individual assessments, there is no general policy against mortgages on homes near substations.
Sometimes, an automated online environmental search on a property may report the presence of a substation. See more on these reports and how to interpret them.
Getting more help
Contact the EMF Helpline – we can talk you through the specifics of the line that affects you and answer further questions about the evidence on health or the UK policy position.
See also:
This page is about homes near substations - see the parallel page for overhead lines.
Working out what is what
See a pictorial guide to the electricity system to help you work out what it is that may be near your home.